Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) can kill within just 48 hours of infection. Here’s what you need to know about the rare but deadly bacterial illness.
Japan is experiencing a record surge in cases of a highly fatal “flesh-eating” bacterial infection. Official figures show that over 1,000 cases of STSS have been reported since January, surpassing the total number recorded last year.
What is STSS?
STSS is a rare but serious disease caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, commonly known as group A streptococcus. It typically starts with fever and throat infections but can rapidly escalate to a life-threatening condition, causing toxic shock and organ failure within days of infection.
Symptoms
Symptoms of STSS can develop quickly and include:
- Fever and chills
- Muscle aches
- Nausea and vomiting
- Low blood pressure
- Rapid heart rate and breathing
- Severe pain at the infection site
- A sunburn-like rash (in some cases)
Why is STSS So Deadly?
STSS is particularly deadly because of its rapid progression. Within 24 to 48 hours of the onset of symptoms, patients can experience severe drops in blood pressure and multiple organ failure. The bacteria produce exotoxins that destroy tissues and cells, leading to critical health conditions.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of contracting STSS:
- Open wounds or sores
- Recent surgeries
- Viral infections causing open sores (e.g., chickenpox or shingles)
- Chronic health conditions such as diabetes or alcohol use disorders
- Older age (particularly over 65 years)
Treatment
Immediate medical attention is crucial for STSS. Treatment usually involves:
- Intravenous antibiotics (such as ampicillin)
- Surgical removal of infected tissues
- Intravenous fluids to maintain blood pressure and hydration
Some strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have shown resistance to certain antibiotics, complicating treatment efforts.
Is STSS Contagious?
While STSS itself is not highly contagious, the bacteria causing it (Streptococcus pyogenes) can spread through close contact, respiratory droplets, or direct contact with infected sores. Group A strep infections, which can lead to STSS, are more contagious and can become severe if not treated promptly.
Recent Surge in Japan
Japan has reported a significant increase in STSS cases in 2024, with over 1,000 cases recorded in the first half of the year, surpassing the total number of cases from the previous year. The exact cause of this surge remains unclear, but experts suggest that factors such as the relaxation of COVID-19 measures might play a role.
Expert Insights
Health professionals stress the importance of awareness and early intervention. According to Dr. Andrew Steer from the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, individuals with STSS often show no prior warning signs and can become critically ill very quickly. Immediate hospitalization and treatment are essential for improving survival rates.
Preventive Measures
To reduce the risk of infection:
- Maintain good hygiene, such as regular hand washing
- Clean and cover open wounds properly
- Avoid close contact with individuals having Group A strep infections
- Seek prompt treatment for any suspected strep infections
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is a life-threatening condition that requires rapid medical intervention. While the cause of the recent increase in cases in Japan is not fully understood, awareness and preventive measures are crucial in reducing the risk of infection. Prompt treatment with antibiotics and surgical intervention is essential for managing and recovering from STSS effectively.
